Center for Healthy Minds

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Through the lenses of joy, fear, disgust, anger and sadness, Center Founder Richard Davidson explores how Pixar's movie Inside Out reminds us to manage our emotions by training our brain.

Joy

There is growing neuroscientific understanding of joy and happiness, and one of the important things we’ve learned has to do with what might best be called “savoring” – the capacity to savor a positive experience and to allow it to permeate your activities and give a positive glow to everyday interactions. We’ve learned that while people with depression show normal activation in the circuitry of the brain associated with joy, it’s transient and does not persist.

People with the capacity to persist in activating these brain regions critical for positive emotion and who can sustain this activation more over time report higher levels of well-being and exhibit lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

One way to cultivate joy and to activate this region of the brain involves reflecting on what I’ve called “innate basic goodness”– the human propensity to desire happiness and be free from suffering. All humans share this same basic quality, and we bring this to the fore in all of our interactions. It enables us to respond to those around us in ways that maximize their and, in turn, our own well-being.

Fear, Disgust and Anger

The neuroscientific bases for fear, disgust and anger share some similarities and have two key things in common: the amygdala and its role in recovery. The amygdala is a structure in the brain that gets your “fight-or-flight” mechanism going. It signals to the rest of the body when something’s salient or wrong, whether it’s a car that veers a little too close to the sidewalk (fear) or the mere thought of broccoli pizza (disgust) in the eyes of a preteen.

It’s normal and healthy to show a context-appropriate response – an emotion that is adaptive in a particular situation – but you don’t want these emotions to linger beyond the point when they’re actually useful. We know that mindfulness meditation can be helpful in regulating these emotions. Such training results in less anticipatory worry toward pain and a faster recovery following negative or uncertain events.

Anger, however, poses even greater dangers if left in charge. Research has suggested that anger is biologically toxic and can have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, increasing a person’s risk for a heart attack. In many cases, anger arises when our goals are thwarted. The challenge is to harness the energy that may be associated with anger and figure out ways to work around the obstacle rather than banging your head against it.

Sadness

Unlike anger, contextually-appropriate sadness is not toxic to the body; however, in circumstances where sadness holds the reins unnecessarily, people can develop depression. To manage sadness, there’s an approach that may sound strange at first – generosity. We are often saddened by tragic circumstances, by all the hardships that people have to endure, and being able to help others to relieve suffering contributes to others’ well-being and our own. It also helps us to take the perspective of others and directly see that we are not the only ones who are suffering. Generosity is a very direct antidote – neuroscientifically-speaking – to sadness, and it activates circuits in the brain associated with joy.

As we navigate through our day and encounter people who look like they are having a difficult time (such experiences have become all too common during my frequent travels), we can do a simple mental exercise by looking at each person and reflecting on how, just like us, they share the same basic wish to be free of suffering. During those moments, we can say a simple phrase to ourselves such as, “May you be free of suffering and the causes of suffering.”